{"id":2623,"date":"2023-04-27T20:52:37","date_gmt":"2023-04-27T17:52:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ogrencifaaliyeti.com\/?p=2623"},"modified":"2023-06-08T04:33:36","modified_gmt":"2023-06-08T01:33:36","slug":"kuresel-deger-zincirleri-mi-kuresel-sefalet-zincirleri-mi-benjamin-selwyn","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.ogrencifaaliyeti.com\/index.php\/2023\/04\/27\/kuresel-deger-zincirleri-mi-kuresel-sefalet-zincirleri-mi-benjamin-selwyn\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u00fcresel De\u011fer Zincirleri Mi K\u00fcresel Sefalet Zincirleri Mi? -Benjamin Selwyn"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00c7eviren: Elif K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckakg\u00fcl<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131’na g\u00f6re, k\u00fcresel de\u011fer zincirleri “gelirleri art\u0131r\u0131r, daha iyi i\u015fler yarat\u0131r ve yoksullu\u011fu azalt\u0131r”. 1991’de Do\u011fu Bloku’nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve \u00c7in’in k\u00fcresel ekonomiye yeniden entegrasyonundan bu yana, d\u00fcnya ticareti giderek k\u00fcresel de\u011fer zincirleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla d\u00fczenlenir hale geldi. \u00d6rne\u011fin, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz kapitalist k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesinin bir simgesi olan Apple’\u0131n iPhone’unun par\u00e7alar\u0131 ve girdileri, elliden fazla \u00fclkede milyonlarca i\u015f\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretiliyor.
Akademik literat\u00fcrde “lider firmalar” olarak etiketlenen ulus\u00f6tesi \u015firketler, rekabet stratejilerinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak, mevcut i\u015fleri d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan temin ederek veya i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc maliyetlerinin ucuz oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelerde yeni faaliyetler ba\u015flatarak k\u00fcresel de\u011fer zincirleri kurdular. K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney’deki devlet y\u00f6neticileri, entegre yerel end\u00fcstriler kurmaktan giderek daha fazla vazge\u00e7ti ve bunun yerine par\u00e7a tedarik\u00e7ileri olarak k\u00fcresel de\u011fer zincirlerine girmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bug\u00fcn, k\u00fcresel de\u011fer zinciri end\u00fcstrilerinde 450 milyondan fazla i\u015f\u00e7i istihdam ediliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\u00d6nde gelen bir\u00e7ok \u015fahsiyet, bu \u00fcretim ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m sistemlerinin k\u00f6kl\u00fc yeni kalk\u0131nma f\u0131rsatlar\u0131n\u0131 temsil etti\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Ekonomik \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi ve Kalk\u0131nma \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc’n\u00fcn (OECD) eski genel sekreteri \u00c1ngel Gurr\u00eda’n\u0131n iddia etti\u011fi gibi: \u201cK\u00fcresel de\u011fer zincirlerinden herkes yararlanabilir. . . k\u00fcresel de\u011fer zincirlerinin geli\u015fimini ve bunlara kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek, ekonomilerimiz i\u00e7in daha fazla istihdama ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye giden yoldur.\u201d
K\u00fcresel de\u011fer zinciri analizinin entelekt\u00fcel kurucusu olan akademisyen Gary Gereffi, K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney’deki geli\u015fimin tedarik\u00e7i firmalar\u0131n “sekt\u00f6rdeki en \u00f6nemli lider firma ile ba\u011flant\u0131 kurmas\u0131n\u0131” gerektirdi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Asl\u0131nda, KDZ’ler d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketlerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir nimettir, ancak i\u015f\u00e7ileri i\u00e7in de\u011fil. Pek \u00e7ok k\u00fcresel de\u011fer zincirini, \u2018\u2019k\u00fcresel sefalet zincirleri\u2019\u2019 olarak tan\u0131mlamak daha do\u011fru olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


K\u00fcresel Sefalet Zincirleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yak\u0131n tarihli bir dava, Tayland fabrikalar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130ngiliz perakendeci Tesco i\u00e7in kot pantolon \u00fcreten Burmal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin nas\u0131l zorla \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya, asgari \u00fccretin alt\u0131nda \u00fccret almaya ve k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131na maruz b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. 2017 ve 2020 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bu i\u015f\u00e7iler VK Garment (VKG) i\u00e7in kot pantolon, kot ceket ve di\u011fer giysiler \u00fcrettiler. \u015eimdiyse \u0130ngiltere’nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck dokuzuncu perakendecisi olan \u015firketi ihmal ve haks\u0131z zenginle\u015fme iddias\u0131yla dava ediyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7iler genellikle sabah 8’den ak\u015fam 11’e kadar ayda bir g\u00fcn izinle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bazen y\u00fckl\u00fc sipari\u015fleri tamamlayabilmek i\u00e7in g\u00fcnde yirmi d\u00f6rt saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorland\u0131lar. O s\u0131rada Tayland\u2019da asgari \u00fccret sekiz saatlik bir i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in 7 sterlin iken, \u00e7o\u011fu i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00fcnde 4 sterlinin alt\u0131nda \u00fccret al\u0131yordu. \u0130\u015fyerinde yaralanmalar ve y\u00f6neticiler taraf\u0131ndan taciz yayg\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7iler, VKG’ye g\u00f6\u00e7menlik durumlar\u0131 sebebiyle bel ba\u011flayarak, idari zorbal\u0131k ve \u00fccret h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 gittik\u00e7e savunmas\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131lar. VKG\u2019nin temin etti\u011fi konaklama yeri kirli ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kalabal\u0131kt\u0131. Bir kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i, Tayland\u2019daki mevcut asgari \u00fccret kadar \u00f6deme talep etti\u011finde y\u00f6neticiler kad\u0131na \u2018\u2019k\u00f6pek\u2019\u2019 diye hitap ettiler ve “Fabrikada daha fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak istemiyorsan \u00e7\u0131kabilirsin” diyerek cevap verdiler. Tesco, 2020’de 2 milyar sterlinin \u00fczerinde k\u00e2r elde etti. Serbest \u00fcretim b\u00f6lgelerinin y\u00fczde sekseni, \u00fclkedeki genel asgari \u00fccretin alt\u0131nda \u00fccret \u00f6d\u00fcyor.
Burmal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, k\u00fcresel de\u011fer zincirlerinde yayg\u0131n bir uygulama. K\u00fcresel de\u011fer zincirleri Tesco gibi lider firmalar taraf\u0131ndan, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fcretti\u011fi de\u011ferden \u2018\u2019aslan pay\u0131n\u0131\u2019\u2019 alabilmek, i\u015f\u00e7ilereyse neredeyse hi\u00e7bir \u015fey b\u0131rakmamak i\u00e7in d\u00fczenleniyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc Yap\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcresel de\u011fer zincirleri, neoliberalizmin d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda egemen politika haline geldi\u011fi ayn\u0131 tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7te ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Yabanc\u0131 sermayenin ithalat ve ihracatta vergi muafiyetlerinden yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131; ucuz, genellikle sendikas\u0131z i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne eri\u015fim sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 serbest \u00fcretim b\u00f6lgeleri, k\u00fcresel de\u011fer zincirlerinin y\u00fckseli\u015fini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131. 1975’te yirmi be\u015f \u00fclkede yetmi\u015f dokuz olan bu say\u0131, 2006’da y\u00fcz otuz \u00fclkede \u00fc\u00e7 bin be\u015f y\u00fcz\u00fcn \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. O zamana kadar, serbest \u00fcretim b\u00f6lgeleri yakla\u015f\u0131k altm\u0131\u015f alt\u0131 milyon i\u015f\u00e7i istihdam ediyordu.
Uluslararas\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc, serbest \u00fcretim b\u00f6lgelerinin yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 80’inin \u00fclke geneli asgari \u00fccretin alt\u0131nda \u00fccret \u00f6dedi\u011fini tespit etti. Serbest \u00fcretim b\u00f6lgelerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 ulusal ekonomilerin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcne yay\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u015firketlere i\u015f\u00e7ilerin s\u0131rt\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00e2rlar sa\u011flad\u0131. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Ticaret ve Kalk\u0131nma Konferans\u0131’n\u0131n (UNCTAD) 2018 Ticaret ve Kalk\u0131nma Raporu’nun belirtti\u011fi gibi, 1995 ile 2015 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda k\u00fcresel emek geliri pay\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn \u00fc\u00e7te ikisinden fazlas\u0131, en iyi ulus\u00f6tesi \u015firketlerin k\u00e2rlar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015ftan kaynaklan\u0131yordu. Bu nedenle, en iyi ulus\u00f6tesi \u015firketlerin k\u00e2rlar\u0131ndaki artan pay, daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fletmelerin zarar\u0131na olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, 2000\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131ndan bu yana azalan i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc geliri pay\u0131 ile de g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u015fekilde ili\u015fkili.
Apple’\u0131n y\u00fcksek teknoloji \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc iPhone’lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rnek alal\u0131m. K\u00fcresel de\u011fer zinciri destek\u00e7ilerine g\u00f6re, i\u015f\u00e7iler, y\u00fcksek verimlilikleri nedeniyle y\u00fcksek teknolojili sekt\u00f6rlerde istihdamdan yararlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak k\u00fcresel de\u011fer zinciri tabanl\u0131 k\u00fcreselle\u015fmenin kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 yaymaktan \u00e7ok uzak olan bu telefonlar\u0131n \u00fcretimi, sefalet \u00fccretlerine ve zorlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131na dayan\u0131yor. Apple’\u0131n 2010’da iPhone’dan elde etti\u011fi k\u00e2r, nihai sat\u0131\u015f fiyat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 58’inden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururken, \u00c7inli i\u015f\u00e7ilerin pay\u0131 yaln\u0131zca y\u00fczde 1,8’di (\u015eekil 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

iPhone par\u00e7alar\u0131, Foxconn ve daha az bilinen ama ayn\u0131 derecede s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc Pegatron gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck firmalar taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretiliyor. Bu fabrikalardaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 diktat\u00f6rce ve istismara dayal\u0131. Foxconn’un ana \u015firketi Hon-Hai’nin \u015fefi Terry Gou bir keresinde \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti: “Hon Hai’nin d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir milyondan fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 var ve insanlar da hayvan oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, bir milyon hayvan\u0131 y\u00f6netmek ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131 a\u011fr\u0131t\u0131yor.” Bu nedenle, Foxconn\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sisteminin i\u015f\u00e7ilerin devaml\u0131 ve istikrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanmas\u0131yla nitelendirilmesi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil. Apple’\u0131n 2010’da iPhone’dan elde etti\u011fi k\u00e2r, nihai sat\u0131\u015f fiyat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 58’inden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururken, \u00c7inli i\u015f\u00e7ilerin pay\u0131 yaln\u0131zca y\u00fczde 1,8’di.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in \u0130\u015f\u00e7i \u0130zleme \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc, \u015eangay’daki Pegatron fabrikalar\u0131nda “i\u015f\u00e7ilerin saatte 450-500 anakart monte etmesi gerekti\u011fini” raporlad\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131 ayda doksan saatten fazla ek mesai yapt\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc “temel \u00fccretleri yerel ya\u015fam standard\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layam\u0131yor.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Sahte Veriler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Foxconn, Pegatron veya VKG gibi fabrikalarda \u00fccretler o kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ki, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ge\u00e7inebilmek i\u00e7in sa\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131na zararl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz ek mesai yapmalar\u0131 gerekiyor. Yine de bu ger\u00e7ekler, k\u00fcresel de\u011fer zincirleri liderli\u011findeki k\u00fcreselle\u015fmenin savunucular\u0131n\u0131 ilgilendirmiyor.
Financial Times k\u00f6\u015fe yazar\u0131 Martin Wolf, \u00e7ok satan K\u00fcreselle\u015fme Neden \u0130\u015fe Yarar? (Why Globalization Works) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda, bu t\u00fcr fabrikalarda i\u015f\u00e7ilerin s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi iddialar\u0131n\u0131 hafife ald\u0131: \u2018\u2019Ulus\u00f6tesi \u015firketlerin k\u00e2r elde etme umuduyla \u00c7inli i\u015f\u00e7ilerini s\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6ylemek do\u011fru. \u00c7inli i\u015f\u00e7ilerin de (neredeyse evrensel olarak sa\u011flanan) daha y\u00fcksek \u00fccret, daha iyi e\u011fitim ve daha fazla f\u0131rsat elde etme umuduyla ulus\u00f6tesi \u015firketleri s\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fcklerini s\u00f6ylemek de ayn\u0131 derecede do\u011fru.\u2019\u2019
Benzer bir \u015fekilde, eski BM Milenyum proje direkt\u00f6r\u00fc Jeffrey Sachs, at\u00f6lyelerin (sweatshops) s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki su\u00e7lamalar\u0131 reddetti. Bunun yerine, “a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yoksulluktan \u00e7\u0131kan merdivenin ilk basama\u011f\u0131” olduklar\u0131n\u0131 savundu. Sachs, neoliberal k\u00fcreselle\u015fmeye kar\u015f\u0131 olan “zengin d\u00fcnya protestocular\u0131n\u0131n” “bu t\u00fcr say\u0131lar\u0131 giderek artan i\u015fleri desteklemesi gerekti\u011fini” bile iddia etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sachs ve Wolf, bu t\u00fcr arg\u00fcmanlar ileri s\u00fcrerken, g\u00fcnl\u00fck 1 dolar\u0131 yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlayan D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131’n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yoksulluk verisinin arkas\u0131na saklan\u0131yorlar. Bu veriye g\u00f6re, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yoksulluk son k\u0131rk y\u0131lda \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azald\u0131.
Bu veriyle ilgili sorun, insanlar\u0131n \u00e7ekti\u011fi yoksulluk hakk\u0131nda neredeyse hi\u00e7bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylememesidir. Bu veri, yoksul insanlar\u0131n maddi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 ile ilgili herhangi bir kayg\u0131dan tamamen ayr\u0131, keyfi bir say\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 2000’lerin ortalar\u0131nda, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131’n\u0131n yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, “t\u00fcm ya\u015fam ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in her g\u00fcn harcayabilece\u011finiz sadece 1,3 dolarla ABD’de ya\u015famaya” e\u015fde\u011ferdi. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131’n\u0131n resmi yoksulluk verisi, insanlar\u0131n \u00e7ekti\u011fi ger\u00e7ek yoksulluk hakk\u0131nda neredeyse hi\u00e7bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylemiyor.
Bu yoksulluk verisi, i\u015f\u00e7ileri yoksullu\u011fa iten mekanizmalar\u0131 tan\u0131mlamaz. VKG, Foxconn ve Pegatron gibi \u015firketlerin istihdam stratejileri nedeniyle yoksullu\u011fun ortadan kalkman\u0131n e\u015fi\u011fine geldi\u011fi bir d\u00fcnya imaj\u0131 yaratarak kapitalizm yanl\u0131s\u0131 kuramc\u0131lara yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.
Sachs ve Wolf’un k\u00fcresel de\u011fer zincirlerinde yoksullu\u011fa neden olan i\u015fleri me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmak ve methetmek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131klar\u0131 yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer bir i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00fcnde bir dolardan fazla t\u00fcketiyorsa ancak bunu yapmak i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 saatler veya tehlikeli ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na zarar veren i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorsa Banka onlar\u0131 yoksul saym\u0131yor. Bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcme g\u00f6re, VKG’deki i\u015f\u00e7iler fakir de\u011fil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nceli\u011fi \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilere Vermek<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu t\u00fcr bir propaganday\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi kabul etmek yerine yerine, kapitalizm alt\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i yoksullu\u011funun yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in Marksist gelenekten yararlanabiliriz. Marx, sermayenin “i\u015f\u00e7ilerin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn uzunlu\u011funu, toplum onu buna zorlamad\u0131k\u00e7a dikkate almad\u0131\u011f\u0131” konusunda uyard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca kapitalistlerin, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funda, \u00fccretleri emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011ferinin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek rekabet g\u00fc\u00e7lerini nas\u0131l art\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015facaklar\u0131n\u0131 da s\u00f6yledi.
K\u00fcresel de\u011fer zincirlerindeki i\u015f\u00e7i yoksullu\u011funun yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da akademisyenin ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, k\u00fcresel de\u011fer zincirlerinin artan gelirlerin, daha iyi i\u015flerin ve yoksullu\u011fu azaltman\u0131n mimarlar\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Daha ziyade, k\u00fcresel de\u011fer zincirleri ulus\u00f6tesi firmalar i\u00e7in, \u00fccretleri emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011ferinin alt\u0131na indirerek s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f bir \u00f6rg\u00fctsel stratejiyi temsil eder. Bu strateji ulus\u00f6tesi \u015firketlerin k\u00e2rlar\u0131 i\u00e7in harikalar yarat\u0131rken, y\u00fcz milyonlarca insan\u0131 sefalet \u00fccretlerine ve sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa zarar veren i\u015flere maruz b\u0131rak\u0131yor.
Marx i\u00e7in yoksulluk sosyal bir olgu. O, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131’n\u0131n insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n aksine, yoksullu\u011fun tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ve hesaplanmas\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l i\u015f\u00e7ilerin fiziksel gereksinimlerine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. En \u00f6nemlisi, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn bir “ahlaki unsur” i\u00e7erdi\u011fini dikkate ald\u0131. Bu unsur, nihai olarak, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131, kendilerini basit\u00e7e emek g\u00fcc\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 veya Foxconn’dan Terry Gou’nun s\u00f6zleriyle hayvanlar olarak de\u011fil, toplumsal olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f bir dizi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 olan insanlar olarak tan\u0131maya zorlama yetene\u011fiyle tan\u0131mlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sefalet zincirlerinin ge\u00e7mi\u015fte kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00fcnya hayal etmek ve bunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr? Bu m\u00fccadelenin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 var oldu\u011fu yerde i\u015f\u00e7i yoksullu\u011funu tan\u0131mak ve buna kar\u015f\u0131 faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fcten ve m\u00fccadele eden i\u015f\u00e7ileri desteklemektir. Bu nedenlerle, Tesco’ya kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lan dava tam deste\u011fimizi hak ediyor.
\u00c7in’in dev elektronik fabrikalar\u0131ndaki i\u015f b\u0131rakmalardan Orta Amerika tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin sendikay\u0131 tan\u0131ma m\u00fccadelelerine veya Tayland’\u0131n ihracat\u00e7\u0131 haz\u0131r giyim fabrikalar\u0131ndaki kitlesel grevlere kadar k\u00fcresel de\u011fer zincirlerindeki i\u015f\u00e7ilerin daha iyi \u00fccretler ve ko\u015fullar i\u00e7in say\u0131s\u0131z m\u00fccadelesi oldu. Bu m\u00fccadeleler, ulus\u00f6tesi \u015firketlerin g\u00fcc\u00fcne ve onlar\u0131n k\u00fcresel sefalet zincirlerine meydan okuman\u0131n temelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n

\u00c7eviriler<\/a>, <\/span>D\u00fcnya’dan Haberler<\/a>, <\/span>Duyurular<\/a>, <\/span>Genel<\/a>, <\/span>Man\u015fet<\/a>, <\/span>Se\u00e7me Yaz\u0131lar<\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c7eviren: Elif K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckakg\u00fcl D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131’na g\u00f6re, k\u00fcresel de\u011fer zincirleri “gelirleri art\u0131r\u0131r, daha iyi i\u015fler yarat\u0131r ve yoksullu\u011fu azalt\u0131r”. 1991’de Do\u011fu Bloku’nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve \u00c7in’in k\u00fcresel ekonomiye yeniden entegrasyonundan bu yana, d\u00fcnya ticareti giderek k\u00fcresel de\u011fer zincirleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla d\u00fczenlenir hale geldi. \u00d6rne\u011fin, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz kapitalist k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesinin bir simgesi olan Apple’\u0131n iPhone’unun par\u00e7alar\u0131 ve girdileri, elliden fazla \u00fclkede<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2626,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[147,40,32,1,41,30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2623","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ceviriler","category-dunyadan-haberler","category-duyurular","category-genel","category-manset","category-secme-yazilar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ogrencifaaliyeti.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2623","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ogrencifaaliyeti.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ogrencifaaliyeti.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ogrencifaaliyeti.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ogrencifaaliyeti.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2623"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"http:\/\/www.ogrencifaaliyeti.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2623\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2640,"href":"http:\/\/www.ogrencifaaliyeti.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2623\/revisions\/2640"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ogrencifaaliyeti.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2626"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ogrencifaaliyeti.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2623"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ogrencifaaliyeti.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2623"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ogrencifaaliyeti.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2623"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}